The Explore Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Explore Project - Essay Example Explore Worldwide Ltd. is an adventure tour company which was established in 1981. Explore is not just a market leader but it is the most popular adventure tourism company in the UK. Explore offers various torus packages such as short breaks, family adventures, cycle tours, tailor-made tours etc. Explore has organized 40,000 tours until now and offer 400 tours across 120 countries. As mentioned above the tourism industry is growing at a rapid rate and hence there is tremendous competition. Explore’s competitors are not just local and national but also international tourism companies. This is because of the niche that Explore has established over the years by organizing tours to international tourists and has been able to build a loyal customer base. This is evident from the fact that there has been an increase in the number of trips booked by same tourist groups. The various competitors of Explore in UK are Diamond Travel, Thomas Cook, Exodus, First Choice, The Adventure Company, etc. There are various international tourism companies that compete with Explore but they all can not be analyzed in general as the competition in international market is destination oriented. In the recent years adventure tourism has grown at a fast rate and is one of the primary categories in the tourism market. This has been supported by various researches. A study by National Geographic and TIA suggested that 20% of the total leisure market is occupied by active or adventure travel (Heyniger, 2006). It was revealed in 2001 (The Mintel Report) that 25% of total European tour packages were accounted by adventure torus. The study also found out that there were a total 443,000 adventure holidays per year. It is estimated by Travel Industry Association of America that the adventure tourism is growing at a rate of 10%. Various studies have thrown light on the fact that there is an increase in the number of women who are taking up adventure tourism

Personal Reflections Paper Essay Example for Free

Personal Reflections Paper Essay In this paper, I am going to identify a state of time in which I experience invidious comparison and vicarious traumatization. While recognizing propositions to angles, I am likewise going to deliver how to stop invidious comparison. As well as distinguishing procedures that I use to keep away from vicarious traumatization in my own individual life. I will likewise go into profundity to demonstrate to keep away from vicarious traumatization as a human service worker. Finally, I am going to address the systems that can be considered or created to avoid vicarious traumatization. What is invidious comparison? Invidious comparison is the contrasting yourself with others. It can be through race, sexual introduction, and religion. Invidious comparison can make an individual feel that their self-esteem is not needed and even take its toll on the individual doing the comparison themselves. It can send you into a depressive state where you create levels of anxiety. To stop invidious comparison, we should first get a seeing on others and acknowledge the distinctive perspectives that other may have. Everybody is diverse in their own particular manner. There will likewise be a person that may exceed expectations in diverse things that you may have thought you were great in. Some may be unequipped for capacities that one may have. By understanding these angles we must recognize the qualities that we have and dont have without harping on the shortcomings of others. All over we go there are comparisons, it is critical to become involved with a circumstance where you begin to wind up judgmental. The standard of characteristic determination is taking into account rivalry inside an animal groups. It is generally assumed that every individual from the species is looking to his own particular prosperity and recreates in extent to his wellness. Rivalry between distinctive individuals is true instigated by the way that assets are rare in any given environme nt, and survival is guaranteed just for the  fittest.(Eaton, B. C., Eswaran, M., 2003). We must acknowledge qualities that we esteem lesser than ourselves so as to enhance in our own particular life. In my own particular individual experience, to maintain a strategic distance from invidious comparison I have a tendency to veer far from perspectives and circumstances that make me judge others. I separate my individual life and my business life in light of the fact that there is a spot and a period to raise certain circumstances and work would not be suitable for things concerning home matters. At whatever point there is a circumstance at work, I stay clear of it to keep away from any association. In any work environment there is dramatization, it is your decision on whether you need to be a piece of it or not. I work for an intellectual inclined agency and all over around there is a show. Once in a while this is tricky to keep away from in light of the fact that there are associates heading up to me attempting to enlighten distinctive things concerning others yet I essentially pick not to expand on the circumstances. A few techniques that I use to avoid invidious comparison is abstain from, comprehension, and acknowledge. Human service workers manage numerous sort people regularly. Some case may be more serious than the following. In the feeling of vicarious trauma, it is the procedure in which change happens on the grounds that you feel some sort of regret for others that they may have been harmed. It is a greater amount of a nature for you to have the capacity to feel in charge of that single person. A percentage of the circumstances that cause this is stories of trauma, the inclination of needing to help change a circumstance of a single person. Service workers can likewise feel submitted and feeble when they dont see a positive change inside the circumstance that they are included in. In due time, this specific methodology can prompt a physical, mental, otherworldly change inside oneself. A few methods that service workers can adjust comprise of evading, resting, and getting a charge out of ones own time. When you escape places, for example, work it can help you mentally and physically. Going out to with companions to places of delight can certainly offer assistance. Resting is additionally essential. It can facilitate a considerable measure of anxiety and strain that is developed. In some cases only a decent days of rest can do the trap. In conclusion, having fun and participating in specific exercises can support your vitality also. Placing you in a much more content  condition of being. I have experienced numerous people that have been through injury and I urge them to continue thinking constructive and prizes will come at last. I for one accept that each human service should receive these systems it can help over the long haul. There are numerous different strategies that one can create to help with vicarious traumatization and attempting to help prevent it. A few strategies that can likewise be utilized is understanding your qualities and having the capacity to play of them, sharpening your aptitudes by looking for preparing or having a coach, watch how others are and act appropriately towards them. You must know your points of confinement and where you have the capacity to go. Knowing the amount you can take is a vital perspective also. You need to discover time to unwind. You should likewise have a seeing on the strategies that are inside an org and work on staying cool when managing circumstances. These steps and systems can help you mitigate pressure that is connected with working. In a few circumstances, helpers dont search out the suitable help when they are confronted with vicarious traumatization. Human service workers once in a while perspective having individual issues similar to a disappointment and that they should have them in any case. As human service workers, they have to be mindful of the assets that are accessible keeping in mind the end goal to get the particular help that is required. In a few occurrences, some human service workers feel that it is a humiliation to get help basically on the grounds that they are the expert and they should not need help. Human service workers should not hold up to look for help in light of the fact that it can take an extraordinary toll on their lives also. â€Å"As psychiatric professionals treat victims of trauma and abuse more frequently, the impact of close, prolonged therapeutic work with these patients has been recognized as having serious mental health hazards for professionals themselves.† (Blair, D. T., Ramones, Valerie A, RN,C., M.S., 1996) Taking everything into account, being adequate and comprehension the diverse perspectives that others may have can help you maintain a strategic distance from invidious comparisons. You must put aside all judgmental perspectives that one has to acknowledge others. There are numerous strategies that are accessible to assist human service workers the way, it is there occupation to pick as needs be to the circumstances that they are in. REFERENCES Blair, D. T., Ramones, Valerie A, RN,C., M.S. (1996). Understanding vicarious traumatization. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing Mental Health Services, 34(11), 24-30. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1024301513?accountid=458 Eaton, B. C., Eswaran, M. (2003). The Evolution of Preferences and Competition: A Rationalization of Veblens Theory of Invidious Comparisons. Canadian Journal Of Economics, 36(4), 832-859

In Literature, Women Are Good and Men Are Evil Essay -- Good vs Evil

What is good without evil? Without evil, there would be no possible way for good to exist. They complement each other, without one, you cannot have the other. Yet somehow evil always seems to outweigh the good. This is shown in various literary periods throughout history. There are many different ways that both good and evil can be shown. Good can be shown when someone is being kind or loving. The color white is often associated with good because it symbolizes a lamb, who is soft and sweet, a gentle creature. Evil would usually be associated with black. Black symbolizes evil because when people think of black, they think of darkness. The dark is scary and unpredictable so it is natural to associate it with evil. Without having an opposite to compare something to then it’s nearly impossible to define it. Good and evil are defined so easily because when people think of good, they see the opposite of evil and vice versa. Throughout many works of literature, men have been known to be evil/deceitful when it comes to women. Women are seen as the good in literature, not in all but in most cases. Authors such as William Blake and Christina Rossetti illustrate this and also evil in their literature to show their belief that evil dominates the world and good lies in the shadows but in the end, the good always prevails. In the â€Å"Goblin Market,† there are two sisters named Lizzie and Laura, one of the sisters falls ill after she is victim to the evil of the goblins in the market but the good overcomes their evil when Lizzie does the right thing by going to the goblin market in search for a way to cure her sister. Lizzie portrays the good in this poem, while Laura and the goblin men show the evil. Lizzie knew and stood firm on her ... ...lish Translation)." Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014. Blake, William. "Infant Joy." Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014. Blake, William. "Infant Sorrow." Poemhunter.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014. Davidson, James. "Beowulf - Good vs. Evil." StudyMode. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014. Jevon, Amy. "The Dark Bible: Women's Inferior Status." The Dark Bible: Women's Inferior Status. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014. Johnson, William E. "Good vs. Evil." Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014. Rossetti, Christina. "Goblin Market." Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014. Smith, Robert. "Evolution of American Literature." Evolution of American Literature. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014. Williams, James A. "Role of Women in Literature." StudyMode. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.

Factory Labor and the Domestic Sphere in the Lowell Offering Essay

In 1822, a group of Boston merchants and traders began their campaign to transform a riverbank below the thirty-foot falls of the Merrimack River into "the greatest textile manufacturing establishment in the country." These capitalists dug and improved the Merrimack canal, constructed machine shops, and built housing for mill executives, foremen and operatives. The cotton mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, and other New England sites began to employ the first female industrial labor force in the United States. Almost twenty years later, factory workers wrote and edited the Lowell Offering, a literary magazine showcasing the virtues and talents of the female operatives in verse, essays and short fiction (Eisler, 13-22). This ESSAY discusses the female Lowell factory worker as portrayed in the Offering. Although the magazine never expressed an overtly feminist view of the factory girls' condition, nor invoked a working-class consciousness similar to later labor expressions in Lowell, there is evidence of a narrative strategy and ideology speaking both to the factory women and the middle-class readership outside of the mill town. The paper's short stories, epistolary narratives and commentaries seek to legitimize an operatives' role within the feminine ideal of domesticity. In conforming to the norms of feminine literature, the Offering reconstructs the operatives' character. It subordinates the evidence for independence or autonomy to relate stories of familial or sentimental ties binding the factory girl to the world outside of factory life. The magazine sought to provide an answer to this question: given her new liberties, what kept the "factory girl" from losing contact with her moral sentiments? To a great degree, the economi... ..., 1820-1865. Columbia Studies in American Culture Series (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942): 13-14. Cott, Nancy F. The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977. Dublin, Thomas. Women at Work: the Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826-1860. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979. Dublin, Thomas. "Women, work and protest in the early Lowell Mills: `the oppressing hand of avarice would enslave us.'" Labor History 16(1975): 99-116. Eisler, Benita. The Lowell Offering: Writings by New England Mill Women (1840-1845). New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1977. Welter, Barbara. "The Cult of True Womanhood." The Many-Faceted Jacksonian Era: New Interpretations. Contributions in American History, number 67, Edward Pessen, ed. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977.

Geology Exam Questions

As seen by an observer on Earth, a star that is moving away from the Earth would have ______ light energy waves. A. expanded B. compressed *E. both A and D are correct 2. The theory that tries to explain the origin of the universe revolves around the idea that __________. *B. the original black hole exploded and scattered clouds of uncharged particles moving at high velocities 3. What was the first element formed during the creation of the universe? *B. hydrogen 4. Our solar system was created by: *A. the contraction of clouds of elements originally formed by the explosion of supernovas 5. Approximately how old is our universe? A. 13. 7 billion years old 6. Heat is being continuously released within the Earth through the process of: *C. elements releasing subatomic particles and losing mass 7. Which of the following minerals does not belong with the others? A. pyrite B. bornite C. sphalerite D. cinnabar *E. they all belong together 8. An earthquake is detected off the coast of Vancou ver Island.Which statement is most correct *B. S-waves are detected after P-waves 9. In an area of the crust with an average geothermal gradient (from course manual), what would the temperature be 22km below the surface, if the surface temperature is 25 °C? *D. 85 °C 10. The Hawaiian Island chain was formed by which one of the following processes? *C. movement of the Pacific plate over a stationary mantle plume causing the formation of a string of volcanoes 11. The Himalayas developed directly from the process of ________: *E. plate collision 12. Intermediate sized tectonic plates include which of the following? A. Nazca B. Eurasian C. Scotia D. Cocos D. all of the above *E. only A, C, and D 13. The floor of the Atlantic is widening: why then is there a ridge in the middle? *B. volcanism 14. How much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of 50g of water by 10 °C? B. 500 calories 15. Match the following item with the closest related phrase. Continental Rift A. East P acific Rise B. subduction zone C. Canadian Shield *D. Mount Kilimanjaro E. Mount St. Helens 18. Earth’s crust is being destroyed at _______ and created at ________. *C. subduction zones, divergent boundaries 19. A felsic rock is formed at relatively ________ temperatures and is the first to ________ when temperature increases during burial.*A. low, melt 21. Native metals tend to have which of the following properties? A. high plasticity B. only one type of bonding C. good electrical conductivity D. all of the above 22. A mineral composed of weak bonds, tends to have the following characteristics: A. high solubility B. soft C. has mostly ionic bonds D. has mostly covalent bonds E. only A and C are correct *F. A, B and C are all correct 23. What is the most common group of minerals found in Earth’s crust? *B. silicate minerals 24. Which minerals have similar structure but different composition? *D. albite and anorthite 26. A(n) _______ magma is relatively high in _______ __. A. andesitic; Fe, Mg and Ca B. basaltic; K and Na *C. rhyolitic; K and Na D. granitic; Fe and Mg 27.When magma cools, which atoms tend to bond first? *D. silicon and oxygen 28. Which of the following statements is true? *D. the main reason for volatiles in magma to be released is a sudden decrease in confining pressure. 29. This question refers to radioactive decay. What is the parent/daughter ratio after two half-lives? *A. 1:3 30. Which of the following terms does not belong with the other? A. quartz *B. rhyolite C. olivine D. muscovite 31. An igneous rock that cools rapidly at the Earth’s surface has which of the following textures? C. aphanitic D. glassy *E. both C and D are possible 32.Igneous rocks are classified by their ______. A. colour B. texture C. composition *D. all of the above 33. When the Earth was relatively new, what gases were present in the atmosphere? *A. H20, CH4, SO2, NH3 B. H20, CH4, NH4, O2 C. SO3, CH4, O2, CO2 D. N2, O2, Ar, CO2 34. Where did wat er on Earth originate? A. volcanic out-gassing B. collison of comets with Earth C. collision of protoplanets with Earth *D. all of the above 35. Heat is currently lost from the Earth's surface at an average rate of 2. 4Ãâ€"10-6 cal/cm2/s2. If the Earth’s surface is 510,072,000km2, how much heat is lost in 1 year (3. 15x107s)? Don't forget to convert units) A. 3. 86 x 1010 cal/year *B. 3. 86 x 1020 cal/year C. 3. 86 cal/year D. 6. 76 x 1016 cal/year 37. Which rock frequently contains glass fragments and vesicles, indicating rapid cooling? *C. basalt 38. According to current theory, how did heavier elements form? *C. they formed due to the fusion of lighter atoms (such as hydrogen) under high temperature and pressures 39. Which of the following features was formed partially by erosion processes? *B. exfoliation dome 40. The addition of oxygen into Earth’s atmosphere is thought to have been produced by which of the following mechanisms? B. photosynthesis 41. A dark colou red mineral, which splits into sheets and has one plane of cleavage is: *D. biotite 42. What type of eruptions would you expect in volcanoes of the Andes mountain range? *B. occasional, violently explosive eruptions 43. Heat from the Earth’s core is transferred to the surface through solid rock via ______ and _______ when it is transported as magma/lava in volcanoes. Once it reaches the surface the heat is then lost to the atmosphere by ______. C. conduction, convection, radiation 44. Which geological feature supports the theory of plate tectonics? A. the mid-Atlantic ridgeB. subduction zones C. fossil records *D. all of the above 45. On the ocean floor, low-intensity stripes of magnetism that exhibit regularly reversing polarity: *D. weaken the existing magnetic field 46. Which of the following things best supports the theory that continents split apart? A. continental drift B. downwarping *C. continental rifting 47. Diamond shows an example of what type of bond formed betwe en Carbon atoms? *A. covalent bonds 2. When a rock breaks into many small pieces it ____________ A. increases the surface area available for chemical attack C. is called mechanical weathering D. both A & C are correct 3. Halite dissolves in water so readily because __________ *B. polar water molecules disrupt the attractive forces in the halite crystal and release the ions into solution 4. Index fossils are: *C. fossils of creatures that appeared and went extinct relatively quickly 5. You notice that there is a lot of rust on your car. Which of the following weathering processes was responsible for the destruction of your car? *C. oxidation 6. Why do large coral reefs not exist in the Arctic Ocean? NOTE: coral reefs are mainly composed of CaCO3 (calcium carbonate). *D. alcite is soluble in cold water and the coral skeletons dissolve before they can accumulate into large deposits 8. Which of the following processes is most responsible for the low nutrient content of tropical soil s? *C. leaching 9. Which rock will potentially undergo the greatest rate of chemical alteration? *A. whole rock 10. The location of the snowline is most affected by _______ and ________. *C. latitude, altitude 11. Gypsum is not found deep in the earth’s crust because: B. the temperature is too high C. water molecules are lost and anhydrite is formed *D. both statement B and C are correct 14.Which of the following soils would you most likely find in agricultural fields around Guelph? A. Podzolic 15. The internal movement of glacier ice depends on: A*B. the internal ice transfer between accumulation and ablation zones 16. Changes in global temperature can be attributed to: A. variations in incoming solar radiation B. shifts in Earth’s axis of rotation C. composition of the Earth’s atmosphere *D. all of the above are correct 17. Which of the following environments is most suitable for the formation of coal? *B. wetland 18. The highly productive soils in vast areas of China FIRST originated from _______ *A. indblown silt 19. What is the main way that silicate minerals are weathered? *B. hydrolysis 20. When a glacier glides along the ground surface the process is called: *D. basal slip 22. The movement of glacier ice is normally most rapid near the _________ *B. surface of the glacier 23. Which of the following landscape features of Canada is NOT attributed to the effect of Pleistocene glaciers? *A. the Canadian Shield 25. Cross-bedded sand deposits in a point bar of a meandering stream were created by which of the following flow regimes? *B. subcritical flow 26.A sedimentary deposit created by a gradual decrease in flow velocity (as in a waning flood), would have which of the following vertical stratigraphic profiles? *A. fining upwards 27. From Hjulstom’s diagram in Unit 8 of the course notes, the water velocity required to erode gravel is_______________ the velocity to move clay particles. *D. about equal to 28. Which rock would be le ast likely to contain fossils? *D. basalt 29. Which sediment grain size has the highest permeability (ability of the material to transmit fluids)? *B. gravel 31. The formation of crevasses in glaciers is because __________________. A. ce near the bottom of a glacier moves slower than surface ice, causing stress C. ice in the upper part of a glacier is brittle and does not exhibit plastic flow *D. A and C are both correct 32. Which of the following minerals has one perfect cleavage? *D. biotite 33. â€Å"Jurassic Park: The Lost World† was actually filmed in: *C. The Quaternary 34. Ventifacts form as a result of *C. aeolian transport in desert environments 35. What volcanic feature is (are) the most dangerous to live near *B. rhyolitic strato volcano 38. Which one of these items does not belong with the others? A. continental rise *B. alluvial fan C. turbidite fanD. continental shelf E. abyssal plain 39. Which of the following statements is (are) the most correct to describe th e conditions required for truly laminar flow in a river? *E. true laminar flow does not occur in natural rivers 40. Mineralogical maturity increases when ___________ *D. the quartz content of the rock is increasing 41. The photo shows a fossilized fish. What is the most likely form of preservation? (Image from: *B. carbonization 42. In general, as a river becomes narrower, and the depth remains the same, the current: *A. increases in velocity 43. Which of the following is the best example of a trace fossil? A. termite tunnel 44. Which of the following pairs is the best example of convergent evolution? *D. killer whale and shark 45. A volcanic rock consisting of abundant angular rock fragments has a _____________ texture. This is typical of __________ volcanism. *C. fragmental, explosive 46. During a field trip, you dig a small pit in a pine forest to study the soil profile of the study site. Below the dark surface layer, a thin, light coloured horizon is followed by a reddish colour ed horizon. Considering your knowledge of the Canadian system of soil classification, what soil type is it? *D. Podzolic 47.A pluton is an intrusive igneous rock body that crystallized from magma slowly cooling below the surface. Which of the following are examples of plutonic bodies? A. batholiths B. dikes C. sills D. laccoliths *E. all of the above 48. What is the main feature used to differentiate between modern corals and ancient corals? *C. the structure of their skeleton 49. The __________ silicates make up the majority of the Earth’s continental crust. *A. three-dimensional framework 50. The Sun produces energy by nuclear ________ reactions. *C. fusion 1. What environmental conditions are optimal for chemical weathering? D. warm, wet conditions 3. Which dating method is most often used to date geologically recent events? *A. carbon-14 4. Which of the following is not an important principle of stratigraphy? *D. crystal fractionation 5. A theory that tries to explain the origin of the universe assumes that all matter was once concentrated in an extremely small space called a black hole. Some properties of a black hole include which of the following? A. high densities B. large gravitational force C. neutral state *D. all of the above 6. The age of the Earth is approximately: *A. 4. 6 billion years 7.When the Earth's crust began to form, which of the following gases were added to the original atmosphere? A. water vapour B. methane *D. only A and B 8. The oldest known fossils found in Archean rocks were: *B. cyanobacteria 9. Which of the following are sources of heat for the Earth? A. primeval heat left from the formation of the planet B. collision of subatomic particles produced during radioactive decay C. solar heat *D. all of the above 10. The change in temperature with depth is called the geothermal gradient. Under normal circumstances the geothermal gradient is approximately: *B. 30 °/km 11.As seen by an observer on Earth, a star that is moving away from our planet would appear more _______ than the same type which is moving toward the Earth. *B. reddish 12. Which type of rock would be formed deep within the crust? B. igneous C. plutonic *D. both B and C 13. Where would you expect to find new igneous rocks being formed? A. Andes Mountains B. Mid-Atlantic Ridge *D. A and B are both correct 14. With reference to Bowen’s reaction series, which mineral is formed under very hot conditions and is rich in magnesium? *A. olivine Inert gases do not react with the surrounding environment. Why is this? *A. they have full outer orbitals 6. A good example of a mineral that contains Van der Waal’s bonds is: *C. graphite 17. The Andes mountains developed directly from the process of ________: *A. plate subduction 18. with reference to Bowen's reaction series, the ___________ form a continuous reaction series. *C. plagioclase-feldspar group 21. An igneous rock that cools very rapidly at the Earth’s surface has which of the following textures? *C. glassy 22. Which type of soil would you expect to find in a wetland? *C. gleysolic 23. The type of weathering process that effects plutonic rocks and is sometimes called unloading is called ____________ *B. exfoliation 4. Submarine eruptions at mid-ocean ridges produce fresh lava flows of _________ composition. *D. basaltic 25. Youngest rock A. *B. 26. Oldest rock *A. B. C. D. E 27. Continental collision zone A. B. C. *D. E 28. Abyssal plain A. B. *C. D. E 29. The boundary between the accumulation and ablation zone in a glacier is called: *A. firn line 30. Continental drift, volcanism and mountain building are primarily driven by: *A. mantle convection 31. P-waves: *A. vibrate parallel to the direction of travel, travel fast, travel through liquids. 32. Which of the following is most likely to be preserved as a carbonized impression? D. a leaf 33. Which of the following statements is true? *A. few organisms become preserved as fossils after death 34. T he lengthening or stretching of the crust can result in _______ faulting as shown in the diagram. *B. normal 35. The San Andreas Fault is what type of fault? *D. strike-slip 36. Soils are divided into â€Å"horizons† which are labelled in order from the top down as: *C. A, B and C 37. A rock under stress can behave in which of the following ways? *D. all of the above 38. What is (are) the major factor(s) involved in metamorphism? A. pressure B. temperature *E. A and B only 9. When liquid magma rises through solid rock, the solid rock can undergo ____________ metamorphism? *A. contact 40. Regional metamorphism can produce new platy or elongated minerals that are aligned: *C. perpendicular to the principal stress applied 41. The â€Å"Big Bang† is thought to have occurred: *A. 13. 7 billion years ago 42. In the cores of stars _________ reactions occur to produce new heavier elements: *A. atomic fusion 43. Chemical weathering mainly results when minerals react with: *E. w ater, oxygen and carbon dioxide 44. The explosion of a star is known as a: *B. supernova 45.Which of the following is considered a fossil fuel? *B. coal 46. The relative Geologic Time Scale is based on: *B. fossil assemblages 47. The Rock Cycle is: *B. a model for the changes undergone by Earth materials over time 48. Grooves, crescent-shaped gouges, chatter marks and striations are examples of: *A. small scale glacial erosion features 49. The maximum extent of a continental glacier is typically marked by a(n) __________. *B. terminal moraine 50. Which of the following is a sediment produced directly from glacier ice? *C. till 51. Place the following sedimentary structures in order of increasing stream velocity. C. ripples, dunes, plane beds 52. Braided streams result when rivers have: A. large fluctuations in discharge B. abundant sediments *E. A and B are both correct 53. When atoms with 4-6 electrons in their outer orbitals join, they form a covalent bond which can be described a s: A. sharing of electrons B. difficult to form C. very strong after formation *D. all of the above are true 54. __________ forms from the metamorphism of limestone or dolostone. *C. marble 55. __________ is characterized by the segregation of light- and dark-coloured minerals into thin layers or bands. *B. gneiss 56.In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely? *C. at great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding 57. The ion at the centre of a silicon tetrahedron is surrounded by ____________. *A. 4 oxygen ions 58. The simplest element and the one which was formed first after the big bang is: *E. hydrogen 59. In feldspars, what element substitutes for silicon at the centre of the tetrahedron? *B. aluminum 60. What are vesicles? *D. open spaces formed in the rock as lava solidifies around gas bubbles 61. Which of the following is an example of a trace fossil? *D. a worm burrow 62.Which of the following is the dominant volcanic rock in Hawaii and Iceland ? *D. basalt 63. When the ratio of radioactive parent to stable daughter product reaches 1:3, ________ half-lives have passed. *D. two 64. The formation of the Hawaiian Islands is associated with: *D. no plate boundary of any kind 65. Why is the humus (organic) layer typically thicker in a cool, temperate, forest soil than in a tropical rainforest soil? *B. less humus is produced in the cool, temperate forest but the rate of decay is slower than in a tropical rainforest 66. The world oceans are too large to have the sea level changed by glaciers! *B. alse 67. Which of the following is a colonial organism; that is, many individuals share the same skeleton? *D. coral 68. Which of the following affects the settling velocity of sand grains? *D. all of the above 69. Sediments transported by water or wind can be sorted according their size and density. A byproduct of such sorting is a typical feature ALL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS have. What is such *D. layers 70. When the limbs of a fold are bowe d upward in the form of a â€Å"V†, the structure is called a(n) *D. syncline 71. If the steep side of a roche moutonnee is on the northeast, it indicates that the glacier came from what direction? B. southwest 72. Which one of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock? *D. frost wedging 73. Of the following, which geologic time is the oldest? *B. Precambrian 74. The Red Sea is forming along a: *B. divergent boundary 75. The destruction of the Minoan civilization can be tied at least indirectly to: *A. a violent volcanic eruption 76. A __________ shaped cross-valley profile is typical of valleys eroded and deepened by alpine or valley glaciers. *A. U 77.A(n) __________ represents a former meltwater tunnel in glacial ice that was filled with fluvial sand and gravel. *A. esker 78. The theory of relativity states that: *C. time is not a constant–it varies depending on the speed of the observer 79. Many scientists believe that the Earth is heating up due to the â€Å"greenhouse effect†. Which of the following gasses is the largest contributor to this effect? *C. carbon dioxide 80. The term â€Å"metamorphic facies† refers to: *A. a particular assemblage of minerals that form under specific conditions of temperature and pressure 81. The definition of a calorie is: *A. he change in heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C at sea level 82. The Atlantic Ocean is: *B. 200 million years old and growing. 83. Coarsening upward in grain size is typical of deposits from which type of depositional system? *B. deltas 84. Convergent evolution occurs when? *B. species with different origins begin to evolve similar characteristics because they share the same environment 85. Which of the following is a requirement of index fossils? *A. they lived during a specific time period only 86. In a cross section of a stream channel, wh y is the flow velocity slowest near the bottom? B. because of friction between the water and the streambed 87. The central part of an atom is called the: *D. nucleus 88. The term â€Å"dip† refers to: *D. the angle between a sloping bed of rock and the horizontal 89. Studies of the Atlantic ocean-floor rocks show that: A. the magnetic field of the Earth reverses periodically C. new rock is being formed at the Mid-Atlantic ridge, causing the ocean to become wider *E. A and C are both correct 90. The term orogeny refers to: *A. the formation of mountains 91. Channel migration of a stream at a meandering bend occurs in which direction? B. toward the outside of the bend 92. In a river, gravel would most frequently be transported: *A. as bed load 93. The great majority of carbonates (limestones) are formed by: *A. skeletons of invertebrate organisms and algae 94. Shale is a sedimentary rock formed predominantly from: D. clay 95. Which of the following was an early ancestor of mode rn humans? * D. Australopithecus 96. When fossils are preserved as casts, the following happens: A. the original shell is buried intact B. after cementation of the surrounding sediment the shell dissolved leaving a shell shaped cavityC. minerals carried in by percolating groundwater fill the cavity *E. A, B and C are all correct 97. Which of the following trace elements released from minerals by weathering are essential for human health? *B. zinc 98. When an atom loses or gains electrons, it is called a(n): *E. ion 99. Which of the following does not fit the definition of a mineral? *C. granite What colour of light has the longest wavelength: Red What element wouldn't   likely have been lost to outer space when the Earth was in a molten state during the formation of our solar system?Lead Approximately how old is earth: 4500 million years or 4. 5 Billion Which gases composed the primordial atmosphere of earth: Methane, carbon dioxide, sulphur, ammonia How long did it take for earth ’s first crust to develop: 500 million years Main reason that volcanoes developed on primordial earth-uneven internal heat distribution Organic soup which produced the first organic compounds: ammonia and methane In what rocks can you find the oldest known fossils: Archean Rocks of western Australia Coordination number of an octahedral: 6When seismic energy waves reaches a boundary between two materials: Part of the energy is reflected back towards the surface P-waves: vibrate parallel to the direction of transmission Composition of Achondrite meteorites most closely resemble: composition of earths crust Why do geologists think that the inner core of earth is solid: P-Waves speed up there Geothermal gradient in earths crust: 40 c/km Granite differ from rhyolite: Granite is plutonic, rhyolite is extrusive Discontinuity between the base of the crust and the top mantel: Moho discontinuity What rate does mid-atlantic ridge spread: 5 cm/yearWhere does lithosphere material get dest royed: subduction zones Rocks that buried under high pressure formed: Metamorphic rocks Minerals all form in the same temperature range: Quartz, muscovite, K-Fedlspar Ionic bonds are: weak, fond in relatively soluble minerals, formed between opostely charged ions Pumice floats on water because: contains pockets of gas, low overall density Minerals with same chemical composition but different structures are called polymorphs (graphite and diamonds) Hardest minerals: Quartz Magma consists of: Dissolved gas, solid minerals, liquidAndes Moutains have formed at: convergent plate boundary What causes a volcano to erupt: regressive boiling of magma, ionized water changing state from liquid to gas, failureof the volcanic plug Lava that erupts underwater forms deposits of: pillow lava intrusive bodies of rock include: Batholiths, Laccoliths, Dikes Correct order of periods within Paleozoic: Cambrian, Ordo, Sil, Devoni, Carb, Perm Large blobs of lava that are flung from volcanic cone: volcanic bombs Which location is earths crust thinnest: In Atlantic OceanOxidation involves: Loss of electrons Soil is best defined as: accumulation of weathered material Most intensly leached soil horizon: A Horizon Apatite and sylvite are examples of: Minerals used in the production of fertilizers Paris moraine- poorly sorted mixture of different sediments Epoch during most recent glaciation occurred: Pleistocene In accumulation zone of a glacier: more snow and ice being deposited than lost from melting Glacier firn: snow remaining from last season Polar galaciers move mainly by: Ice deformationCause of catastrophic meteorite impact causing mass extinction 65. 5 million years ago: thin iridum-rich bed found worldwide Graded bedding on deep-ocean floor: Turbidity currents River pattern commonly developed in glacial outwash plain: Braided Glaciers covered Australia in: Neoproterozoic and Carboniferous-Permian Little ice age occurred: 600 to 100 years ago Isostatic rebound: rising of earths crust after deglaction Sedimentary environments two classifications: Carbonate or clastic Clastic sediment . 062 to . 004- Silt, loess plainTwo common carbonate sedimentary rocks: Limestone and Dolostone Idealized stream fastest water flow: Near the water surface, near center of the chanel Laminar flow: Low flow velocity/ Rarely found in nature Settling of particle with a . 01 diameter- Stockes law What environment are mud slides most common: Alluvial fans Forest beds are found in which environment: Delta Front Barrier islands: large lakes, shallow continental shelves Carbonate precipitation may form: Ooids Lingula is a good example of: A paleo indicator Conifers belong to which class: Plantae, Pinophyta, Pinospida Noahs Flood: DeluvialistWhy did an â€Å"organic soup† develop on the primordial Earth, and not much today? (image from VITAL): There was no free oxygen to oxidize it ;amp; There was no predators back than. The energy responsible for the original heating and meltin g of the Earth came primarily from: Radioactive decay Organic compounds can be synthesized: In a laboratory ;amp; by lightning Were inert gasses such as Argon or Neon, scattered into the universe by supernovas? Yes Approximate age of earth accepted by scientists is: 4. 6 billion years Original atmosphere of earth was primarily composed of: Methane and carbon dioxide Not all stars are equally hot, why?Atomic fusion reaction Doppler effect makes far away stars appear to be: Redder An enormous amount of energy is needed to start fusion reaction, What type of energy led to fusion reaction in stars: Kinetic The elements of the present universe were scattered into space about: 8-9 billion years ago If earth’s intial atmosphere contained free oxygen: Organic molecules would be have been destroyed as soon as they formed Is the elemental composition of modern earth the same as that of earliest primordial earth: No What is the bang bang: Origin of the universeWhen radioactive elements decay to release subatomic particles it creates: Daughter elements The early composition of the Earth;s atmosphere was: Lacking Oxygen Evidence for an original big bang: Yes, distant galaxies move away from us faster than closer ones If the half-life of Carbon-14 is 5570 years, how much of the parent elemtn will remain after 16,710 years: 1/8 Earth is one of the largest ones in our soar system: FalseModel for the origin of life requires: An oxygen free atmosphere Black holes are characterized by: Matter contracted into very small spaces, Extremely high density, all particles are neutral. The sun’s energy is produced by: Fusion Helium is formed from: Fusion of HydrogensWhy do larger solar planets have an ammonia-rich atmosphere while Earth has an oxygen-rich atmosphere: The larger gravity of larger planets traps ammonia Volcanoes could not form before the development of a solid crust on Earth: True Why did an â€Å"organic soup† develop on the primordial Earth and not m uch today: There was no free oxygen ;amp; there was no predators back then The heavy elements that we know of were formed in the original stars: Yes Why did elements separate in the original earth: They were separated in relation to their mass During the early stages of the Earth, hich elements may have been lost to outer space: Light ones The permissible ring of life is a theoretical zone around a distant start that may contain planets: False 1) S-waves vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the propagation: True 2) Everyday substance that behaves a bit like the mantle when stressed: Plasticin 3) Some meteorities have more or less the same composition as the Earth’s crust: True 4) Our bodies can be considered as analogs for Earth. Accordingly we can recognize: Heat as energy, mineral accumulation, chemical reaction. ) The boundary between the crust and the mantle shows up well in seismic studies because difference in: Density 6) The properties of rocks change from the sur face towards the center of earth. Which one do you think changes more regularly than others: Pressure 7) Refraction and reflection dissipate seismic energy inside the earth: True 8) Iceland is close to Greenland but geologically the two have little in common: True 9) Which of the following are types of convection cells in or on earth: Ocean currents ;amp; Boiling motions in a pot of soup. 0) The sun’s radian energy drives the movement of our atmosphere: True 11) Earth is the centre of the universe: Who Knows 12) Earth should be cooling off as primeval heat is lost to outer space: False 13) Lord Klevin calculated mathematically that Earth is cooling off.His mathematics were correct: True 14) Although interior parts of earth are shown as pretty coloured bands, heat distribution is much uniform: Incorrect 15) Earth is comprised of the same materials and in more or less the same proportion as the sun: Yes 16) Radiant energy received from the sun is the most important type in expl aining continental drift: False 17) The fact that S-waves are lost within the Earth is good evidence for a liquid outer core: True 18) Method used by geologists in injecting the mantle for seismic studies is: Bottom 19) Earth is a planet in the process of becoming a star: Recent studies have indicated that it is heating up at the rate of a few degrees per century: False 20) To date we have not been able to drill to the core, however we can see it in volcanic material: False 21) Lord Kelvin has proved that earth is dying planet. It is cooling off relatively rapidly: False 22) Canada is one of the coutries where solar winds can be seen: True 23) By examining the geothermal gradient in deep wells, we can predict temperature at center of earth: False 24) Various compositions of meteorites reflect: Mantle of earth, whole earth, earths cruts.Oceanic crust of earth has a minimum thickness of about: 5 KM The North American plate is moving away from the European one at a measurable but small distance per century: True Mountains are shaped by both convection cells in the diagram: True The floor of the Atlantic is widening: why is there a ridge in the middle: Volcanoes Iron-rich minerals in basaltic lava can give information on the Earth’s magnectic field at the time Volcanic eruption: True Fundamental differences between the floors of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: Different ages, different amounts of sediments, Different manganese mineralization Material from the mantle reaches the surface of the Earth along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: True Radiant energy received from the sun is the most important type in explaining continental drift: True The repetition of two colurs indicate different lava flows indicats: alternating lava flows with different paleomagnestism When seen in cross-section, continents look like thin rafts on the surface of the mantle: Because continents are composed of lighter materials Long before their geologic importance was discovered, paired ba nds of equal magnestism were recognized south of Iceland: The navy during WWII The continents started migrating apart approximately 180 million years ago: True In what ways is Atlantic Ocean spreading analogous to Antartic ice pack behaviour: New ice is forming in cracks joins blocks of older ice ;amp; There are convention currents in the water below There are a lot of thick sediments around the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: False The suns radiant energy drives the movements of our atmosphere: True P-Waves generated at one locality can be detected around the globe if the source is sufficient: False The positive magnetic pole is in Canada and always has been: False Fossil Fuels are usually found in rocks typical of ocean crust: False The magnetic north pole lies in northern Canada: TrueThe magnetic stripes south of Iceland were correctly interpreted as indicating the spreading of the ocean floor: True If new mantle material is added to the crust in marine trenches, it must be consumed along th e mid-Atlantic Ridge: False Which of the following minerals from Bowen’s reaction series forms the highest temperature? Ca-plagioclase What is the crystalline structure of quartz: None of the above Some mineral crystals have an internal structure similar to glass: False Which one is the name of a major element found in quartz: Silicon What is the crystalline structure of feldspar: None of the above Atoms with the maximum number of electrons in their outer orbital: Inert (non-reactive) What is the crystalline structure of biotite: SheetSilicon is the most abundant elemen of the earth’s crust: False Halite and calcite are both: Relatively soft and soluble The resistance of a mineral to scratching is called: hardness In a cooling magma, at what approximate temperature can silicon tetrahedral get close enough to share all their oxygens to form a framework silicate mineral: 800 degrees. An electrically charged atom is called: An Ion Isotopes are good to eat: False What is t he crystalline structure of the pyroxene group of minerals: single chain Musovite has perfect cleavage in one direction: True Mass and weight are synonymous: False What is the crystalline structure of amphibole: Double Chain Calcite has a hardness of 3 on Moh’s scale: TrueWhich of the following is the most common mineral in the earths crust: Feldspar First orbital (energy level) in an atom can have a maximum of: Two electrons The most common building block of silicate minerals: Has 4 Oxygen atoms and 1 Silicon Atom In a metallic bond: All electrons are shared Which of the following elements commonly substitutes for Silicon in the tetrahedral of silicate minerals: Aluminum The second orbit (energy level) in an atom can have a maximum of: Eight electrons Cleavage occurs when a mineral breaks in random directions: False Which type of bonding in minerals is the weakest: Van Der Waals Which has the densest mineral: Gold If an atom loses an eletron it becomes: Positively chargedThe location of volcanoes on earth is: near plate margins Volcanic eruptions occur primarily because of the voltatile content (gaseous components) of the magma: True Which of the following statements is true: It is possible to derive granite from a basaltic magma. Ashfalls may be useful in establishing: Type of volcanism and paleowind direction. Columnar joints occur primarily: Basaltic lava flows Which of the following statements are not correct: Volcanoes are rarely more than 1000 metres high Most rocks found on the flanks of volcanoes have very small crystals: True In Hawaii the ropy lava is called: Pahoehoe Pumice is solidified crystalline forth: TrueSilica rich lavas are viscous and lead to explosive erutpions: True Pyroxene is the first mineral to cryztallize out of a very hot basaltic magma: False Pumice is very light and may even float because it contains pulverized wood of the volcano: False Which statement is correct: The Hawaiian Islands are large shield volcanoes Which rock does not belong with the others: Rhyolite Shield volcanoes are not normally explosive: True Magma may rise to the surface of earth partly because it is lighter than the surrounding rocks: True The crystal size ofigneous rocks is affected primarily by: Rate of cooling Calderas may be formed by collapse of the crater at the summit of a volcano: true Which one is not a volcanic rock: GabbroOne parent magma can produce several different types of igneous rocks: True Discontinous crystallization sequence from Bowen’s reaction series is indicated by: Olivine-pyroxene A Rock does not need to contain any minerals: True Which of the following is a pyroclastic rock: Tuff Humans have never observed the birth of a completely new volcano: False Obsidian is a typical natural gas: True Sills are: Always younger than the surrounding rocks An igneous rock formed primarily of olivine and Ca-Rich Plagiosclase is called: Basalt Granite does Not contain: Ca-rich plagioclase Granite is made up of the following group of minerals: Quartz, amphiboles, K-Feldspar If cooling is faster, the size of crystals in igneous rocks: Decreases The rocks of the ocean floor are mostly made of: BasaltWhich of the following rocks commonly forms batholiths: Granite Bowmen’s reaction series explains igneous textures: False Most recent basaltic lava is found: In the Atlantic Which one of the following instrustions has the largest volume of rocks: Batholith As a basaltic magma cools and crystals form, the remaining liquid becomes: silicon Magma may contain some solid crystals: True The small holes in many volcanic rocks are due to: trapped air bubbles A stratovolcano: Can produce nuee ardente Which of the following statements is true: Water vapour is a volcanic gas released during eruptions. To form magma, which of the following sources is NOT needed: Solar energy Shield volcanoes: None of the aboveThere is a large volcanic mountain range beneath the Atlantic Ocean: Yes Obsidian can provide beautiful gems: False Carbon dioxide is an important volcanic gas: True Igneous rocks form at about: 1,000 degree C Which mineral is least likely to be associated with an explosive volcano: Olivine Submarine (underwater) laval may develop: Pillows Penetration by plant roots is the most important soil forming factor in tropical forest: False Soil is a necessity for life on earth: True what type of tombstone would weather most quickly: Marble The greater stability of minerals that are formed at the Earth’s surface is due to: Increase covalent bonds Soil profile development is affected by many processes.Which one doesn’t belong: Meditation Minerals that form at lower temperature from a cooling magma are generally more stable in the weathering environment: True Among other things the diagram shows a diamond being cut. Is this real weathering? Yes Snow can physically weather igneous rocks most effectively under which condition: snow cant do this Soil develops pedogenic lay ers (horizons) due to: Leaching and translocation of material Soil profiles do not develop in artic regions: False In what environment does chemical weathering predominate over mechanical weathering: None of the above Wind is the only erosional medium in a desert environment: False What is the main cause of the characteristics fractures of exfoliation dome: Pressure release Amphiboles are so unstable at the earth’s surface that they can never be found in sedimentary rocks.False Why is quartz more resistant to wreathing than pyroxene: It has more covalent bonds A soil profile develops from the bottom upward: False Which rock would weather most quickly in a hot, humid environment: Basalt In desert soils, net movement of material is downward. False Examples of weathering exsist in Ontario: True Which of the following is not produced by the weathering of K-Feldspar: Olivine What is the process involved when minerals lose water molecules from their crystalline structure: Dehydrati on Granite undergoes frost shattering much more easily than dolostone: False Plant roots do not penetrate deeply in the tropics: True Weathering usually takes place in a closed system: FalseChemical weathering invariably leads to angular fragments: False Continental sedimentary rocks (those not formed in the sea) are formed from minerals mostly derived from: The physical breakdown of igneous and metamorphic rocks Can Ice wedging, frost shattering, sandblasting co-exist: Yes Together which particle would have the highest settling velocity: More spherical intermediate particles Carbonates (limestone) dissolve preferentially in: Freezing cold water Saltation: Type of movement of sand grains Delta sequence as seen in a core, would show, from the bottom up: clay-silt-sand Plane beds form in fast moving water when either sand or gravel is present: True Diagnesis starts after the sediments: have been deposited To generate clastic sediments: weathering, transport and deposition must occur C arbonates are most likely to occur: In shallow tropical seas The reat majority of limestones are formed: skeletons of invertebratae organism and algae The maximum stream velocity in a river can be measured: near surface and in the middle Which of the following is a thick deposit of composed mainly of invertebrate skeletons: Reef In colonial corals the individual are called: Polyps Carbonization is fossilization where little or no detail can be seen: True Least likely to contain fossil molds of brachiopods: Conglomerate Organisms that live on the bottom of the sea are called: Benthon What properties of an organism make it a good paleoenvironmental indicator: sharks and turtles Brachiopod: has two shells of unequal size In which rocktype are fossil casts least likely to form: Granite Fossilization occurs at high alititudes: False Which of the following minerals does not form a cast: Pyroxene Human species have been around for : 1/1,000Dolphins and fish have similar external forms: con vergent evolution Fossil species are defined mainly on the basis of: their physical appearance Which of the following has the best change of being fossilized: An oyster Which organism has least likely to fossilize as a cast: Worm The majority of coral reefs are built in warm seas because: Their skeletons persist longer in warm waters Fossils which denote specific short periods of time are called: Index fossils Paleozoic corals lived mainly in: warm, shallow seas Evidence of organic activity is preserved in rocks as: Coprolites, trace fossils and bioturbation Trace fossils include: Tracks, feces, and burrowsWhich is the most important factor affecting preservation potential: Rate of burial If a mold is filled with mineral material result is: Cast What is the most common means of fossilizing plants: Carbonization What is the most common material forming petrified woods: Silica Trilobites first evolved in: Cambrian Pelecypods are generally characterised by: Two shells equal size, bilat eral symmetry, powerful muscles What are the subdiviso ns of the geological time scale from longest to shortest:: Era, Period, epoch sedimentary rocks are never older than igneous rocks: False A daughter element of uranium is: Lead If a bed conformably overlies another it means:no time interval is missing between them What is the approxcimate age of the oldest known rock on earth: 3. billion What is the gap in the stratigraphic record called: Unconformity Why did lord kelvin underestimate the age of the earth: radioactivity had not yet been discovered Living things contain: A constant % of carbon 14 in their tissue Which statement best describes the principle of uniformitariainsims: the present is the key to the past Radiometric dates of sedimentary particles may not represent the true age of the deposit: They are reworked from older rocks Principle of fossil zonation indicates that certain fossils occur: Only certain geological periods What is the most common way of determining abs olute age of a rock: Radioactivity What is a paleosoil-An ancient soil Sedimentary rocks are most accurately dated using: Fossils In shallow water sediments: there are many time gaps If strata are vertical: tilting has occurredFour primary geological ears are: Precambrian, paleozoic, mesozoi and Cenzsoic Relative age is determined mainly using fossils what is needed before doing this: evolutionary sequence Where is carbon 14 primarily produced: Earths atmosphere The evolutionary sequence of an organism is normally found by applying: principle of superposition The limbs of a syncline: Dip towards the center of the fold Forces that cause folding can also force: thrust faults Folding of rocks can occur: at great depths only Alps formed mainly as a result of : continental collision An inactive continental margin is found in: Nova Scotia The beds at the core of an aniticline are: Oldest and bowed downward Denudation means: eroding and exposing deep-seated rocksOlder rocks are generally e xposed at the centre of the eroded: anticline The miogeosyncline of a mountain chain is: Thrust faults Strike-slip faults move mainly-Horizontal The deepest earthquakes occur at a depth of about: 700 km Orogenesis: The formation of mountains A joint is: a fracture plane where motion has not occurred Mid-oceanic ridges are locations of: Formation of new crust Where is the earths crust thickest: Beneath mountainous regions The apls are higher than the Appalachians because: they are younger Dip and strike are: ways to measure deformed bed The average thickness of the oceanic crust is about: 8km The crustal plates movement is measured in: cm/year Inactive continental margins have considerable: sedimentation

5 Ways to Handle Rejection Like a Pro

5 Ways to Handle Rejection Like a Pro Rejection stinks and it happens to everyone. Everyone. We’ve all gone on first dates that didn’t turn into second dates. We’ve all missed out on the publication, the big promotion, the invite to our second-grade schoolmate’s selective birthday party. Instead of wallowing in self pity, here are five ways to make lemonade and reframe your rejection next time you get whacked with one. 1. Buckle down and  rethink your strategyEither it’s a numbers game and you just have to wade through the pile of â€Å"no’s† to get to the eventual â€Å"yes,† or there are things you could be doing better. Every few rejections, take a time out to reconsider your focus and your game plan, then make the necessary adjustments. This will make you feel like you’re doing something constructive even when the good news seems to be just beyond reach and out of your control.2. If the door is closed, find the windowOr the silver lining. Or the upside of the downside. Basically, try and tell yourself that this rejection only leaves you open for a better opportunity you might have missed. In other words, let go of this one and go for one better!3. Learn from itTake each rejection as a challenge to goad you to do better and be better. No matter what, you’ll grow (and succeed) faster, regardless of how many rejections you receive. You’ll probably still get rejections; everybody always does. But if you learn something and let each one spur you on, you’ll be way ahead of the game.4. Zen it outSay to yourself that this just wasn’t meant to be. Maybe the timing was off, or you were looking in the slightly wrong direction. Tell yourself everything happens for a reason, try to be at peace with that, and prepare yourself to seize the next opportunity with clear eyes and open arms.5. Realize it’s not all about youSometimes we’re rejected not because we’re not good enough. Sometimes we’ re too good. Or the reason for our being rejected has nothing to do with us at all. Maybe  you remind the hiring manager of a kid who bullied him on the playground 20 years ago. Or maybe someone was having a really bad day when she  interviewed you. Or, for company politics reasons, they had to overlook your stellar qualifications in favor of some other factor. You never know. Sometimes it’s best to sit back and not take things quite so personally. Remember, the right â€Å"yes† is just around the corner.

School Uniforms essays

School Uniforms essays Throughout the State of Florida, numerous school boards have been attempting to standardize the clothing that students wear. The school superintendents who are in favor of uniforms will argue that the children who wear them will experience many benefits. I disagree with this position. I feel that the use of uniforms will strip identity, stifle creativity, and unnecessarily burden the families that cannot afford them. The use of uniforms has already been implemented in several long-standing social environments. The penal system uses uniforms to brand those persons who are incarcerated. Likewise, the military also uses them to separate and remove the individualism inside of the soldier. In both cases, individual identity is stripped away and the subject is forced to conform to the same outward appearance as every other subject. Another problem that will surface due to the implementation of school uniforms is the suppression of the individual's creativity and expression. Many students' express who they are through the way they dress. If a teenager wants to show the rest of the world that he loves Jesus, then he or she might wear a T-shirt that states a positive view on the subject. Similarly, a student might want to wear green colored clothing to show his or her support for St. Patrick's day. School uniforms would end both of those examples listed within this paragraph and many, many more. The last issue that needs to be addressed is the unnecessary burden that will be placed upon those families of limited resources. Many low-income families do not have the money available to furnish uniforms to their children. They can barely make ends meet with the help of charities and social programs. In Polk County, Florida, the school board is trying to pass legislation that a child cannot attend school unless they have on the proper uniform. An education is supposed to be available to all children, not just the ones whose par...

Free Essays on Billy Joel

Over the past century there have been many defining moments throughout Broadway and all of musical theater. These musicals have provided us with music, dancing, and stories that we will remember forever. But not until recently, have we seen a performance so remarkable that it will be remembered along with all the great performances. The musical Movin’ Out composed and written by Grammy winning song writer and performer, Billy Joel. Although all of the songs in this musical are fantastic, this paper will compare and contrast two of them, â€Å"We Didn’t Start the Fire†, and â€Å"Pressure.† I believe that â€Å"Pressure† is a better song for providing a sense of chaos and fighting than â€Å"We Didn’t Start the Fire† because the lyrics depict a more realistic sense of reality and make the audience believe that the song is describing exactly what is happening to the characters. This musical was written by one of the greatest song writers and performers of all time, Billy Joel. Billy Joel was born 9 May 1949 in Hicksville Long Island. He grew up in a house where both of his parents were very heavy into music and therefore played a huge part in his development as a musician. In high school, Billy Joel was very smart, however didn’t enjoy the school part as much as he should have. He got involved with music so much that he missed a lot of school and eventually did not graduate because he didn’t attend enough school. On February 21st, 1964, Billy Joel joined his first band, The Echoes. In this band, Billy Joel played the part of organ and the lead vocals. This band kept getting better and eventually signed a record deal with the United Artists label and continued to record for them. This band played for a little while but after a little bit The Echoes started to suffer. With the combination of this and even more musical failures and a bad romantic relationship, Billy Joel slipped into depression and attempted suicide b... Free Essays on Billy Joel Free Essays on Billy Joel Over the past century there have been many defining moments throughout Broadway and all of musical theater. These musicals have provided us with music, dancing, and stories that we will remember forever. But not until recently, have we seen a performance so remarkable that it will be remembered along with all the great performances. The musical Movin’ Out composed and written by Grammy winning song writer and performer, Billy Joel. Although all of the songs in this musical are fantastic, this paper will compare and contrast two of them, â€Å"We Didn’t Start the Fire†, and â€Å"Pressure.† I believe that â€Å"Pressure† is a better song for providing a sense of chaos and fighting than â€Å"We Didn’t Start the Fire† because the lyrics depict a more realistic sense of reality and make the audience believe that the song is describing exactly what is happening to the characters. This musical was written by one of the greatest song writers and performers of all time, Billy Joel. Billy Joel was born 9 May 1949 in Hicksville Long Island. He grew up in a house where both of his parents were very heavy into music and therefore played a huge part in his development as a musician. In high school, Billy Joel was very smart, however didn’t enjoy the school part as much as he should have. He got involved with music so much that he missed a lot of school and eventually did not graduate because he didn’t attend enough school. On February 21st, 1964, Billy Joel joined his first band, The Echoes. In this band, Billy Joel played the part of organ and the lead vocals. This band kept getting better and eventually signed a record deal with the United Artists label and continued to record for them. This band played for a little while but after a little bit The Echoes started to suffer. With the combination of this and even more musical failures and a bad romantic relationship, Billy Joel slipped into depression and attempted suicide b...

Week 7 Conference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 7 Conference - Essay Example Hemoglobin is the blood protein that transports oxygen (Cohen, 2013). Blood identification process gets referred to as ABO typing. The type of blood one has depends on the presence of blood proteins known as antigens in the red blood cells. The first step involves blood getting drawn from an individual and gets mixed with antibodies to determine the blood type (Cohen, 2013). The blood type gets determined on whether the blood agglutinates with the antibodies. The second step is called back typing where the liquid part of the blood gets mixed with blood that is either type A or B. Blood typing also gets carried out to determine the presence of rhesus factor on red blood cell surface. Jim got triaged in the resuscitation area. The staff present was a physician and two nurses. The physician who can be an M.D or D.O oversees the patient’s condition by conducting tests on the patient. The nurses administer the drugs to Jim as indicated by the physician. Aspirin got provided to Jim to act as an anticoagulant to prevent further clotting if possible. Morphine got provided to relieve pain or discomfort experienced by Jim. Nitroglycerine also gets provided to decrease blood pressure and increase blood flow by opening up blood vessels around the heart (Cohen, 2013). tPA gets provided to break down clots in the bloodstream around the heart. Principles of coronary bypass surgery: bring blood and oxygen to the heart muscle by creating a ‘bridge’ through a healthy artery. The blood passes over the blocked artery to ensure a normal blood flow down the blocked area. A heart attack refers to a situation where there is the occurrence of a sudden blockage in the coronary artery. This causes a stoppage of blood flow towards the heart muscle. This condition damages the heart muscle causing improper function of the heart. Heart failure implies that the heart’s pumping power is lower than normal (Cohen, 2013).

Leading Global Workforce Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leading Global Workforce - Assignment Example The paper tells that global mobility of people in regards to economics refers to the movement of the right employees across the international boundaries to the right jobs. This is a trend that is becoming an essential tool for many multinational organizations. There is a critical need for efficiency and speed in operations as multinational companies are always exploring new markets. Globalization has consequently increased competition for new markets and the shortage of talents and manpower has pushed global mobility of workforce to be a priority for many global companies. This mobility of talents from one international border to the other is very important to global companies as the rapid growth of cross-border activities implies many multinational companies will become increasingly active in in-bound assignees and assignments within a particular region. Global mobility of people helps the companies because they can hire workforce from any region provided that they the capacity for the jobs. On the other hand, global mobility of jobs refers to the ability of a job to be available in more than one international geographical location. Multinational companies utilize this feature by capturing markets across the globe; identical to the original jobs offered in the country of origin. Global mobility of jobs is essential to the global companies especially in regards to expansion due to new market acquisitions or due to increased demand in other geographical areas; as setting up of the identical line of jobs is easier than setting up a whole new business.

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example In this brief treatise, the history and evolution of CSR will be described and followed by a discussion on the concept and drivers of CSR. Focus is put on the role of CSR in the financial crisis, the implications of CSR for both business and communities, and the prospects of CSR for the future. History and Evolution of CSR While the concept of business corporations possessing some type of social accountability or obligation may have surfaced in the past, the serious study of corporate social responsibility as a facet of management commenced in the 1950s and was called by a host of other names (see Table 1). In 1953, Bowen posed the following question: ‘To what extent do the interests of business in the long run with the interests of society?’ (Bowen 1953, p. 5) The corporate responsibility core concept emerged as an economic concern. Andrew Carnegie, the founder of US Steel, articulated two principles supportive of CSR: (1) the ‘charity principle’ requiring individuals who have more to assist those who have less; and (2) the ‘stewardship principle’ stating that the rich and wealthy hold their wealth ‘in trust’ for the rest of society; while they hold it, they are required to multiply the wealth through making sound and prudent investments (Freeman & Liedtka 1991). Carnegie’s position was termed ‘richesse oblige’ by Windsor (2001), which is a parody of ‘noblesse oblige’. On the other side of the debate is the argument of Milton Friedman that corporations should pursue their economic self-interest and that CSR activities amount to a moral wrong against the shareholders. Activities directed at the social welfare should be properly left to the government (Freeman & Liedtka 1991). Friedman’s position resounded among many businesspeople and practitioners, understandably more than academicians, and the concept of wealth creation as the priority (some say only) goal for business constituted a recurring theme of many policy makers. At one point the argument entered the realm of academic discussion, and the debate eventually led to the conciliation of the two sides: ‘wealth creation is the best path to social welfare improvement’ (Windsor 2001, p. 226). This approach has been accepted by most businesspeople and managers because it resolves the duality imposed by Bowen’s premise that separates wealth and social responsibility. What it does not resolve is the direction management should take if a decision should be required between what may emerge to be irreconcilable alternatives (i.e. in favour of wealth creation or in favour of social responsibility). Currently, the main promoter of the ideas and principles of corporate social responsibility is the United Nations (Madrakhimova 2013, p. 115). Through the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, the UN sought to advance global standards for business firms, particularly the large multinational corporations, to abide by in order to preserve and protect human rights that these businesses may be violating in the interest of earning a profit. Table 1: The genesis of the concept of corporate social responsibility (Madrakhimova 2013, p. 116) Concept of CSR CSR is a ‘concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis’

Introduction to African American Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to African American Studies - Essay Example In the movie American History X, the speech Danny makes at the end—in which he quotes Abraham Lincoln—is significant for several reasons. Derek and Danny were both members of Aryan white supremacy groups; Derek suffered violence at the hands of other prisoners due to his friendship with a Black inmate; and Danny was killed by a student like himself, a Black young man with whom he had had an altercation the day before. Derek had not wanted his younger brother Danny to engage in the same kind of senseless violence which characterized the very reason Derek was in prison. When two Black men vandalized Derek’s truck—the only possession left to Derek by his father, who was also a target of Black-on-white crime—Derek killed one man and severely injured the other. That notwithstanding, Derek was sentenced to be incarcerated for a period of a few years and came out of jail wanting his younger brother not to follow in his footsteps. Derek and Danny, at this s tage of the movie, definitely do not consider Black people to be their friends in any respect. Nay, they are enemies—people who are to be feared and regarded in low esteem based solely on the fact that one side is white and the other Black—a most denigrating feeling perpetuated by these two brothers. In jail, Derek’s friend Lamont—who happened to be Black—became Derek’s best friend while in jail. ... This helps Derek realize that it is not the color of one’s skin, but the content of one’s character, that makes a person what he or she is. Once he realizes this, he fears it may be all but too little too late for his dear brother Danny, who takes a similar road he did. The question is,will Derek be able to save his brother the same or similar fate he experienced? Derek now realizes that, since his prior thinking was wrong, he must do something to set things aright now that he is getting paroled from prison. Meanwhile, Danny takes a personalized, private history course—an idea of Dr. Sweeney’s after Danny does a paper on Hitler’s Mein Kampf as an apologetical work—â€Å"American History X† being the name of the class, which is supposed to be a substitute for the other history class in which he was doing very poorly. Unfortunately, just as Derek himself did, Danny found himself in a confrontation with a young Black man over a prior argu ment or beef. This young man proves to be Danny’s enemy—and his realization of his morally reprehensible, wrong, racist attitudes of the past are ones which he no longer agrees with—unfortunately, too late. The idea that both Blacks and whites should be friends, not enemies, is the point that Lincoln the abolitionist, our 16th President, was trying to drive home. Lincoln’s ideology flew in the face of the white supremacy that devoured Derek and Danny’s lives; Lincoln saw the potential for friendships containing individuals of both races; and Lincoln knew the destructive ends of hate, which no one should hopefully have to experience in one’s lifetime. 5) In the essay, â€Å"Toward a Theory of Popular

Unit 3 discussion legal and Ethics Research Paper

Unit 3 discussion legal and Ethics - Research Paper Example They give directives on how to interact and gain confidence of culturally diverse clients and this is through becoming culturally sensitive about their culture. I will first of all conduct culture-centred research in order to understand the culture of the group from their linguistic to their cultural background in order to be culturally compliant (Lee, 2006). The case is of Cynthia who wants to go back to school and start her own career but her husband threatens to divorce her if she does so. The main dilemma is on whether to follow her dreams and go against her husband’s wishes and the culture of just continue feeling depressed and take care of her family (Corey, Corey and Callanan, 2010). Going against her husband will cause her to lose him but will have her happiness and obeying him will lead to more depression to an extent of not even being able to take care of her family. The family is important in this culture and so is obeying the husband because he is the head of the family. The best way to handle this is to make Cynthia be aware of the pros and cons in either of the decision and whether she is ready to handle the cons of her decision. Make her decide what will bring her utmost happiness while at the same time taking care of her children effectively without having to compromise much with the culture. This is walking her th rough her problems without making any decisions for her but letting her decide for herself

Introduction to African American Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to African American Studies - Essay Example In the movie American History X, the speech Danny makes at the end—in which he quotes Abraham Lincoln—is significant for several reasons. Derek and Danny were both members of Aryan white supremacy groups; Derek suffered violence at the hands of other prisoners due to his friendship with a Black inmate; and Danny was killed by a student like himself, a Black young man with whom he had had an altercation the day before. Derek had not wanted his younger brother Danny to engage in the same kind of senseless violence which characterized the very reason Derek was in prison. When two Black men vandalized Derek’s truck—the only possession left to Derek by his father, who was also a target of Black-on-white crime—Derek killed one man and severely injured the other. That notwithstanding, Derek was sentenced to be incarcerated for a period of a few years and came out of jail wanting his younger brother not to follow in his footsteps. Derek and Danny, at this s tage of the movie, definitely do not consider Black people to be their friends in any respect. Nay, they are enemies—people who are to be feared and regarded in low esteem based solely on the fact that one side is white and the other Black—a most denigrating feeling perpetuated by these two brothers. In jail, Derek’s friend Lamont—who happened to be Black—became Derek’s best friend while in jail. ... This helps Derek realize that it is not the color of one’s skin, but the content of one’s character, that makes a person what he or she is. Once he realizes this, he fears it may be all but too little too late for his dear brother Danny, who takes a similar road he did. The question is,will Derek be able to save his brother the same or similar fate he experienced? Derek now realizes that, since his prior thinking was wrong, he must do something to set things aright now that he is getting paroled from prison. Meanwhile, Danny takes a personalized, private history course—an idea of Dr. Sweeney’s after Danny does a paper on Hitler’s Mein Kampf as an apologetical work—â€Å"American History X† being the name of the class, which is supposed to be a substitute for the other history class in which he was doing very poorly. Unfortunately, just as Derek himself did, Danny found himself in a confrontation with a young Black man over a prior argu ment or beef. This young man proves to be Danny’s enemy—and his realization of his morally reprehensible, wrong, racist attitudes of the past are ones which he no longer agrees with—unfortunately, too late. The idea that both Blacks and whites should be friends, not enemies, is the point that Lincoln the abolitionist, our 16th President, was trying to drive home. Lincoln’s ideology flew in the face of the white supremacy that devoured Derek and Danny’s lives; Lincoln saw the potential for friendships containing individuals of both races; and Lincoln knew the destructive ends of hate, which no one should hopefully have to experience in one’s lifetime. 5) In the essay, â€Å"Toward a Theory of Popular

Ethical Problem Of Parental Nudity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethical Problem Of Parental Nudity - Essay Example This behavior is now so engraved in the societal structure of the Western world that people do not even begin to think that any negative consequences can be produced by roaming around naked in front of the children. In such a situation where not much hatred can be found against parental nudity, how can an innocent child question his/her parents about excessive nudity while being told all the time by them that this is nothing but human-friendly behavior and in fact portrays the broad-minded approach humans have developed over time about their bodies.It remains a deplorable fact that the Western world has almost completely developed immunity for parental nudity though still some loopholes are left and because of which ethical counselors and psychologists continue doing research about how this behavior can affect the children, in what way, and to what extent? Scholars and people arguing against the parental approach of walking all around the house barely covered and feeling absolutely u nashamed and unregretful claim that it is an unequivocal fact that nudity serves as a skilled driver of libido. It may also be one of the reasons why earlier than the necessary onset of puberty in the Western world is steadily increasing over time. Sexual simulations are certainly one of the worst consequences of parental nudity and even more sad is the reality that parents determined on nudity are least considerate about this tragic effect produced on children who are way immature and raw to understand anything related to sex.

Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Hamlet Essay What have you come to understand about the intense human relationships of Hamlet? How has this understanding been affected by the perspectives of others? In you response you should focus on 3 scenes in the play and a range of perspectives. The intense human relationships of Hamlet have been viewed through numerous perspectives yet all have reached the same conclusions. With the exception of just one, the friendship of Hamlet and Horatio, all the relationships are dishonourable, dysfunctional and destined to fail. Being a revenge tragedy it is immediately clear this play is filled with lies, deceit and treachery. The exact time of Hamlet’s composition is unknown, however it is assumed to be between 1599 and 1602. This was a dark, melancholy time in Shakespeare’s life with the death of his father in 1601 and the death of his only son, Hamnet aged 11, in 1596. It is believed that these events had a significant impact on the writing of Hamlet as the play is heavy with death and has a great similarity with this son’s name. Some perspectives that have been adopted to view and understand the intense human relationships of Hamlet are a religious, psychoanalytic and feminist perspective. When Shakespeare first wrote Hamlet he lived in a strongly religious society where people could be fined for not attending church. Therefore, at this time in history many people had a religious attitude and perspective on the play. The psychoanalytical perspective focuses on the unconscious mind and how it dictates behaviour. This perspective became popular when Sigmund Freud, a well-known psychologist, began developing his psychoanalytic theory, The Oedipus Complex, in 1897. The feminist perspective is often centred around strong women and became particularly popular in the 1950’s being a post world war 2 period. Women were involved in many aspects of the war and made ground in their equality with men. However, when the war ended, women were encouraged to return to their household duties and this sparked much controversy. The family relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude is one of the most intense in the entire play. Their relationship reaches a climax in act 3 scene 4 when Hamlet confronts his mother about her relationship with Claudius and her involvement in the murder of King Hamlet, â€Å"mother, you have my father much offended†. Hamlet sees Gertrude as an adulteress for marrying her husband’s brother two months after his death and believes she is aware that Claudius killed King Hamlet, â€Å"Almost as bad, good mother, As kill a king and marry with his brother†. When exploring this scene from a feminist perspective it can be seen that Gertrude cares deeply for her son yet he scorns her for her recent actions, â€Å"You go not till I set you up a glass where you may see the inmost part of you†. Despite there being no evidence that Gertrude is aware of Claudius’s deed, Hamlet does not trust his mother and this consequently results in his inability to trust other women. The Oedipus Complex comes to the fore when the relationship of these two characters is examined with a psychoanalytical perspective. Freud’s complex suggests that every boy from the age of 3-4 years begins to have unconscious sexual desires for his mother and regards his father as his rival. Through studying this scene from a psychoanalytical perspective it is prominent that Hamlet has an obsession with his mothers sexual relationship with Claudius. He claims that she lives â€Å"In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed†. The scene takes place in Gertrude’s bedroom, which is important as its privacy and intimacy allows Hamlet to express himself fully to his mother and being a place where sexual activity occurs, suggests Hamlets repressed sexual desires. The scene ends with Hamlet possessively demanding her â€Å"but go not to my uncle’s bed† and uses multiple sexual references when he tells her to not let Claudius â€Å"Pinch wanton on your cheek, call you his mouse†. Relating this to the Oedipus complex, Hamlet appears to be more like a jealous lover than a concerned son. Examining act 3 scene 4 from different perspectives gives varied insights into Gertrude and Hamlet’s relationship, yet each perspective deduces that it is a dishonourable relationship with no mutual trust or respect. Another dishonourable family relationship in Hamlet is that between Ophelia and her father Polonius. Polonius manipulates Ophelia for his own benefit, treating her like a tool rather than a person. Their relationships becomes pitiful when she receives orders from her father and responds with â€Å"I shall bey, my lord†, implying that she is at the service of her father. Through the analysis of act 4 scene 5 a deeper understanding can be reached about Ophelia’s relationship with her late father. Following the death of Polonius, Ophelia’s mind becomes unhinged as she drifts into insanity, speaking in songs and rhymes. Considering this scene from a feminists perspective it can be thought that Ophelia went mad with guilt having her desire for Hamlet to kill her father so that they can be together fulfilled. This theory strongly supports the idea that the relationship between Ophelia and Polonius was dysfunctional as she felt she’d never be free to make her own choices until her father was dead. The friendship between Hamlet and Horatio is the only admirable one. Horatio is the one character that Hamlet speaks to openly and confides in. He remains loyal and swears himself to secrecy about the ghost and the pretence of Hamlets madness. He conspires with Hamlet to prove Claudius killed King Hamlet and he stands by him through Ophelia’s death. It is the final scene of the play when the true extent of their friendship is confirmed. Act 5 scene 2 begins with Hamlet confiding in Horatio and reciting the fate of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to him. This further validates their friendship and Hamlets trust in his loyal friend. The scene draws to a close with Horatio wishing to join Hamlet in death. This selfless declaration and his final words to Hamlet before he dies â€Å"good night sweet Prince, and flights of Angels sing thee to thy rest† convey his everlasting faithfulness to Hamlet. Through examining the friendship of Hamlet and Horatio from the beginning of the play to the end, it is clear that, unlike all the other relationships, there is never a doubt about the sincerity of their friendship. Through the close and critical analysis of Hamlet, you can come to the understanding that all but one of the intense human relationships within the play are dishonourable, dysfunctional and destined to fail. Considering this interpretation in the light of other perspectives the same conclusion can be drawn about the relationships.

IOP Spike Control after Intravitreal Anti-VEGF

IOP Spike Control after Intravitreal Anti-VEGF In ophthalmology many ophthalmic procedures are there in which there is a spike of intraocular pressure after the procedures. Cataract surgery, argon laser trabulectomy (ALT), yag laser capsulotomy, yag laser iridotomy, trabulectomy, pars plana vitrectomy are few to be named. The new anti VEGF therapy is an addition to the prior list. Many IOP lowering drugs have been used in different procedures to stop these spikes. For ALT 1% apraclonidine, an alpha agonist has been found to be the most effective against the IOP spikes, but 0.5% has also been found to be equally effective. Brimonidine an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist has also been shown to be effective and safe choice. For cataract surgery different drugs have been used treat the postoperative increase in IOP. These include carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, prostaglandin analogs like latanoprost, alpha agonists like apraclonidine and brimonidine, beta-blockers and miotics (intracameral carbachol and acetylcholine). Similarly intravitreal injection of triamcinolone has been complicated with a rise of IOP and have been controlled effectively by beta blockers, but some may need aggressive treatment. Different researchers have worked on the control of acute spikes after the intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF, showing varied result. Some have advocated the use of IOP lowering medicine while other negating the need all together. Lim Young et al showed that the prophylactic use of fixed dorsolamide/timolol combination eye drops before the intravitreal anti-VEGF injection was a safe method of preventing IOP spikes occurring immediately after the intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF. He showed that the mean IOP at 5 minutes and 30 minutes postoperative was 14.12 Â ± 4.18 mm Hg and 10.87 Â ± 1.58 mm Hg in group 1 using IOP lowering medication while it was 28.21 Â ± 3.16 mm Hg and 17.48 Â ± 2.34 mm Hg in control group 2, respectively.9 He showed that there was a significant lowering of mean IOP at each reading at 5 minutes of interval. Frenkel et al showed the use of IOP-lowering medication prior to injection of pegaptanib, ranibizumab, or bevacizumab had little effect on the IOP spike. The failure of lowering the IOP spike was implicated to be due to the inability of these medications to counteract the volume-related mechanism of the IOP spikes after anti-VEGF injections. However, it was stated that there might be benefit to lower the IOP before intravitreal injection. In their study 2 cases of sudden loss of vision were reported due to the high IOP spike which prompted them to do anterior chamber paracentesis.8 It was also stated that the prophylactic use of medication in patients with advanced glaucoma receiving pegaptanib intravitreal injection or patients receiving 0.1 ml of bevacizumab could be considered because their study showed that it lowered IOP at the 3- to 10-minute interval in these patients. In another study done in 2013 the IOP lowering effect of Dorzolamide/Timolol and Brinzolamide/Timolol were compared with a control group. They measured the IOP after every 5 minutes for the first half hour and the next day and week after that. For all the 3 groups, the changes relative to the baseline at 5 and 30 minutes after intravitreal injection was found to be significant. Also when the groups were broken down as to whether receiving bevacizumab or ranibizumab, again the mean decrease of IOP compared to the control group was found significant. El Chehab et al have also found that the prophylactic use of fixed combination of timolol with brimonidine or dorzolamide and of 1% apraclonidine could not only reduce the IOP spikes but also their duration; and both the combination and 1% apraclonidine had equal effect. However the use of oral acetzolamide 20 minutes prior to the intravitreal injection was not proven to be effective. Evaluating the efficacy of timolol 0.5 % and brimonidine 0.2 % eye drops as a fixed combination in preventing IOP spikes Theoulakis et al found that twice a day instillation on the day before and before the time of injection in eyes which were scheduled for intravitreal ranibizumab was a safe and also effective in controlling the IOP spikes. IOP LOWERING MEDICATIONS Most of the IOP lowering medicines are administered topically. They are absorbed through the cornea and conjunctiva; mainly acting locally on the eye. Many anti glaucoma medicines have been used. The main groups of drugs are as following: BETA- ADRENERGICANTAGONISTS They are the most prescribed drugs of IOP control. There are a total of five topical beta-adrenergic antagonists which are currently FDA approved for managing high intra ocular pressure. They are timolol betaxolol, carteolol, metipranolol, levobunolol. Betaxolol is selective beta1 selective antagonist, and is safe to use this drug in patients with pulmonary and cardiac problems. The mechanism of action is to reduce IOP by decreasing the production of aqueous by inhibiting the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in ciliary epithelium. The IOP reduction is upto 20 to 35%. The effects of beta blockers occur within an hour after its instillation. Timolol is available in the market in concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.5%. The recommended dosage is 1 drop two times a day. Burning, allergy and corneal epithelial erosions are the main ocular side effects. It can be absorbed systemically and can cause systemic side effects like bronchospasm, bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory failure. Timolol maleate has a molecular weight of 432.50. It is an odorless, white, crystalline powder that is soluble in methanol, water and alcohol. It is compounded as an isotonic, sterile, buffered solution available in two strengths: 0.25% Timolol maleate eye drops contains 2.5 mg of timolol (about 3.4 mg of timolol maleate). It has a pH of approximately 7.0, and an osmolarity of 274-328 milliosmole. And each ml of 0.5% Timolol Maleate eye drops contains 5 mg of timolol (about 6.8 mg of timolol maleate). The Inactive ingredients are usually monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphate and sodium hydroxide to adjust pH. Preservative used is Benzalkonium chloride 0.01%. PARA SYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENTS They act by stimulating sphincter pupillae and ciliary body by acting on the muscarinic receptors. They cause the contraction of the ciliary muscles which thus increases the aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork. Pilocarpine is the commercially available drug in this group and is compounded in concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% and the recommended dosage is 1 drop 4 times per day. Ocular side effects are miosis, induced myopia with brow ache, retinal detachment, and cataract. Systemic side effects after its absorption can be of diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and bronchial spasm. CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS (CAIs) The enzyme required for aqueous formation is carbonic anhydrase. The CAIs cause inhibition of this enzyme and thus cause a decrease in the aqueous humor secretion by the ciliary epithelium. Carbonic anhydrase is required for catalyzing the reaction of CO2 to H2CO3 which further splits into HCO3 _ and H+. The bicarbonate ions are pumped along with sodium ions into the posterior chamber along with diffusion of water for the formation of aqueous humor. Carbonic anhydrase is present in ciliary body in excess. 99.9 % of the enzyme must be inhibited before a significant decrease in IOP can occur. Dorzolamide and brinzolamide are the commercially available eye drops in market. They have a good corneal penetration, and are also water soluble. These agents are able to reduce IOP upto 14-17%. Adverse effects of topical CAIs are burning and stinging of eyes on instillation, conjunctivitis, blephritis, corneal allergy, corneal punctuates keratitis and can also cause bitter taste. The systemic used CAIs are methazolamide and acetazolamide. They also cause inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in ciliary epithlium thus reducing the reduction of aqueous humor. As it is taken orally systemic side effects of CAIs include metabolic acidosis, leading to alkaline diuresis which result in hypokalemia. So potassium levels should be regularly checked in patients using CAIs on long term basis and oral potassium supplement should be recommended to all these patients. Other side effects include renal stones formation and central nervous system side effects like numbness and tingling of hands and feet, depression, anorexia, and nausea. Dorzolamide hydrochloride has a molecular weight of 360.91. It is a white to off-white in colour, in a crystalline powder form, which is also soluble in water, methanol and ethanol. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS Adrenergic agonists act by increasing the uveoscleral and trabecular meshwork outflow thus causing decrease in IOP. Epinephrine has a mixed action of being an alpha and a beta agonist. Its effect usually begins at 1 hour and reaches a maximum at 2-6 hours. Topical epinephrine drops usage has been stopped due to frequent systemic side effects of headache, palpitation and cardiac arrhythmias. The main ocular side effect is cystoid macular edema and black pigmentation of conjunctiva. Commercially available topical form is dipivefrin hydrochloride 0.1%eye drops, which is a prodrug of epinephrine. It is converted by the enzyme esterase into epinephrine in the cornea. Because of its high lipid solubility and corneal penetration a low dose is required as compared to epinephrine and thus has less side effects. The selective alpha 2 agonist apraclonidine and brimonidine are indirect acting adrenergic agonist which act by decreasing aqueous production and also the episcleral venous pressure and thus improving the trabecular outflow. Apraclonidine is associated with tachyphylaxis while brimonidine has less of this problem. Brimonidine tartrate is available commercially in 0.25 and 0.15% eye drops. Its reduces IOP by 26% at 2 hour of interval. PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES Prostaglandin analogues are relatively a new class of IOP lowering drugs. Four prostaglandin analogues have been approved by the FDA for clinical use. Latanoprost was the pioneer drug to be developed and used in this group. Others are travoprost, bimatoprost, and unoprostone. Latanoprost is a pro drug which penetrates the cornea and then is turned into active form. It enhances the uveoscleral outflow and thus lowers the IOP upto 25-35%. The dosage is one drop per day which makes the compliance of the patient better. The main ocular side effect is darkening of the iris and the periocular skin, by increase in the number of melanosomes in the melanocytes. Other side effects include conjunctival hyperemia, hypertrichosis, uveitis and cystoid macular edema. Systemic side effects are flu like symptoms, skin rash and uterine bleeding. OSMOTIC AGENTS Osmotic agents act by decreasing the vitreous volume by removing the liquid out of the eye into the circulation. The osmotic agents can be given orally or intravenously. Oral agent is glycerin while urea and mannitol are given intravenously. The osmotic activity is dependent upon the number of particles in the solution which cannot cross over and maintains the osmotic gradient between the compartments. Mannitol is given intravenously because it cannot be absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. A rebound increase in IOP and local tissue necrosis limit the use of urea. Glycerin is most commonly used oral osmotic agent which is given along with cracked ice to dilute its nauseating feeling. In patients with diabetes a non-metabolized sugar isosorbide can be used instead. Several fixed combinations have been developed which are available in markets used for IOP-lowering. Most of these fixed combinations contain timolol (dosed once or twice daily) combined with either adrenergic agonists, prostaglandin analogs, and CAIs. COMBINATION Fixed combination timolol maleate 0.5% with dorzolamide hydrochloride 2% was first introduced in market in 1998. Each milliliter of drug consisting of 6.83 mg timolol maleate and 22.26 mg dorzolamide hydrochloride. Timolol inhibits aqueous humor production by down-regulating adenylate cyclase by inhibiting ÃŽ ²2-adrenergic receptor sites on the ciliary process . While dorzolamide acts as a selective inhibitor of Carbonic anhydrase II enzyme, present on the ciliary process. The local bicarbonate production is slowed down, which as a result decreases sodium and fluid transport and, finally, decreases the aqueous humor production thus lowering the IOP. Because the mechanisms of action of both the drugs differ, they provide an additive effect when used together. Fixed combinations of drugs have been found to improve the compliance of the patient by reducing the number of eye drops used daily. Moreover the IOP-lowering effect of fixed combination timolol and dorzolamide was found to be greater than that of either drug instilled as monotherapy. In addition the load of preservative is also reduced along with any wash out of drug when the drugs in monotherapy are instilled one after the other.